Threshold displacement in the tungsten-carbon system

M Jackson and PCM Fossati and YR Than and RW Grimes, PHILOSOPHICAL MAGAZINE, 104, 959-976 (2024).

DOI: 10.1080/14786435.2024.2372826

Threshold displacement energies (Ed) of carbon and tungsten in tungsten carbide (WC), W2C, tungsten and diamond are predicted using molecular dynamics. The spatial dependence of Ed is probed by considering a geodesic projection of a symmetrically distinct arc of crystallographic directions for each lattice site. Further, the definition of threshold displacement is explored by making the distinction between atomic displacement ($\bar\rm E_\rm d<^>\rm disp$Eddisp) and defect formation ($\bar\rm E_\rm d<^>\rm def$Eddef). Predicted values of $\bar\rm E_\rm d<^>\rm def$Eddef compare favourably to experimental observations for tungsten and tungsten carbide. Results confirm that $\bar\rm E_\rm d<^>\rm def$Eddef and $\bar\rm E_\rm d<^>\rm disp \;$Eddispare strongly structure dependent. Differences between $\bar\rm E_\rm d<^>\rm disp$Eddisp and $\bar\rm E_\rm d<^>\rm def$Eddef are commensurate with rapid defect recombination within the timeframe of the simulations for some species and structures but not universally. The probability of displacement and defect formation as a function of primary knock-on energy is also reported. Previously developed models for the average displacement of the primary knock-on atom based on kinetic energy and momentum-dependent drag terms are generally found to provide a useful level of approximation. Anisotropy is investigated and results highlight differences due to structures.

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